From the traditional centralized social management system to multiple subjects participate in social governance transformation, has become a consensus on the choice of social management innovation that "wide spread governance now image is quite good. It has more interaction with the community; more horizontal, more collaborative, more involved rather than longitudinal, interference; at least on the part of the policy formulation is more effective; scale shrink.[1]
This change although in social management quality and efficiency can be improved, but it will also enable inherent in the social governance generates a plurality of ideology, so that the social governance brought about as a result of the encounter its ideological diversity in mutual conflict of many challenges to the healthy development. The focus of the current academic circles mainly lies in the superiority of the social management system unified diversified governance pattern and multi center governance body compared with the traditional, and the latter to the former transformation necessity and effective ways. So on social governance positive adaptation of problem consciousness, make people on the fate of social governance of multiple ideologies complex challenges and countermeasures, it is difficult to have consciousness, is not conducive to the healthy development of social governance. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the ideology of social governance challenges and countermeasures.
First, the inherent constraints of ideology on Social Governance
(a) the connotation of social governance
The system of governance theory is produced in the West. The "western" governance "concept for control, guide and manipulate. At the end of the 20th century, western scholars give 'governance' with a new meaning, advocates government decentralization and to the community authorization, realize multi subject, multi center governance politics and governance are diversified, emphasized to weaken the political power, or even remove the political authority, hoping to achieve self governance of government and social pluralism governance, pluralistic society. Development so far, governance theory in the West has formed multiple genres, nevertheless, based on to social centrism, claims to remove or weaken the authority of the government, oriented to multi center social self governance, it is the basic political ideas and tendencies. "
Commission on global governance to governance the definition is: "a variety of personal and public and private groups treatment the common affairs of the sum of", through the continuous process, "a variety of mutual conflict of interests and the interests of different is expected to obtain the harmonic and take cooperation"; it is "to human survival and development make the overall strategy" will continue to coordinate the response process.
Visible, to the general sense of "governance", the object is the public affairs, the main body is heterogeneous, the way is communication and coordination, its goal is good governance. The general public affairs are mainly presented as national affairs, government affairs and social affairs, therefore, governance is presented as the national governance, government governance and social governance. This paper discusses the governance of social public affairs. The core of public affairs is public order. Therefore, the basic task of social governance is to construct and maintain social public order. Western countries around the subject of social governance theory, main show is "rational economic man of social self governance theory; contemporary China's social governance theory, argues that" pluralistic governance body of the party, government, social organizations and citizens on the basis of mutual trust, for the realization of public interests is the management of social affairs and each game, consultation and cooperation of the interactive process.
The core content is the theory of different lineages agreed, the so-called social governance that go beyond the public order construction by the government monopoly pattern, instead by multiple scattered body through the upper and lower, left and right distance and other multilateral interaction, to coordinate the various interests, to determine the social public order. Obviously, it is the requirement of social governance that the public order is established by the interaction of multiple subjects, so that it can be distinguished from the traditional social management which is established by the dominant social public order.
(two) the connotation of ideology and its origin
"Ideology is has the symbolic significance of the beliefs of the expression form, it with the method of performance, and interpretation and evaluation in a real-world to form, mobilization, guide and demonstrate certain patterns of behavior and way, and deny the other patterns of behavior and way."
From this definition, ideology has the following attributes: firstly, it is the expectation, interpretation and evaluation of the world. Because it may not necessarily be based on facts and scientific principles, it does not necessarily have a scientific. Secondly, it attempts to incorporate human behavior and the world order into the "ought to be" state through the formation, mobilization, guidance and proof of behavior. Again, people on the ideal behavior, world order expectations, understanding and evaluation are not uniform. Therefore, it is the exclusive competition, that "history is all complement each other in the ideology of the battlefield". Finally, it is to organize, integrate and unite a necessary way of social life, is a necessary prerequisite for the existence of social groups,.
Formed by the social division of labor and boundaries of interests of different social unit, can only exist in the whole social system and only through the system to meet the various demands; accordingly, meet all kinds of demands in order to scarce resources, only in the framework of the whole social system basic rank order to distribution. The basic order of the social system is different, the distribution of the scarce resources of wealth is different.
This makes the people of different social units, consciously and unconsciously based on the vision of their interests, to put forward the idea of the overall social system order should be. Such claims can be generated the background and basis, thereby generating the different views not only hard to into conflict with each other state, but also will have to based on demands of the standard view, bulging for inner orientation of society of overall demand. Thus, it is hard to avoid is not one-sided, deceptive and narrow limitations. And the essence of such different opinions is the so-called ideology: "the different ideology originated from the geographical position and the specialization of the occupation. Initially, it is the geographical distribution of the adjacent populations of different experience.
This variety of experience has gradually formed the language, habits, taboos, myths and religions, and ultimately form a different ideology with the other groups." Visible, generated by the ideology exists is inevitable, it will also be multiple complexity and scarce wealth of this constant factor constraints, antagonism between heterogeneous ideology of diversity complexity is often difficult to eliminate.
(three) the ideological nature of social governance
Wealth scarce resources as beyond the constant constraint determines the social governance of multiple subjects claims about how to arrange the social public order, it is bound to focus on the interests of the standard, and potential necessary to represent the interests of the standard of the claims about the public order arrangement, bulging and demonstration for the overall public interest expression, in order to be recognized by the other governance main body, and can make it into reality of public order, and thus the standard demands of interest have been realistically meet. In this regard, the different views on the arrangement of public order, which is essentially the difference between the different ideology, is the difference between the multiple subjects of social governance and the arrangement of public order. This determines the multi subject about how to arrange the problem of public order of interaction, nature is about how to arrange the public order of different ideologies between interaction and interactive process also is a different subject ideology will and wisdom than the weight capacity of game process, but also different ideologies infection power competition. Finally set down and be realistic claims about how to arrange the social public order, whether has the absolute competitive advantage in ideological propositions, or different ideology as a compromise between the advocates, essentially are results of ideology in reality, from and nature is nothing but the realities of the public order of the ideology. This suggests that ideology had within lies in social governance and social governance have attribute of ideology, to social governance not only is originally in the field of ideology, and was originally the ideological form. Since so, then decide the ideology is bound within constraints of social governance, also determines the disregard any ideological constraints of social governance research and practice, must be in a certain extent distorted social governance, are bound to be difficult with sufficient and effective.
Two, the ideological challenge of social governance
Ideology, as the intrinsic attribute of social governance and the inherent binding force, constitutes a number of challenges to the social governance.
(a) the formation of the multi - coordinated target of resistance barrier in social governance. Luis Vos pointed out: "at the present stage of the labor division of labor, extreme heterogeneity and the conflict of fundamental interests, our social picture is becoming blurred and....... The world has split into pieces of countless atomic individuals and groups. The destruction of the integrity of the individual experience is consistent with the disintegration of the culture and the mass of the population." This makes "the world no longer have a common belief, we say that the" community of interests "is just a rhetorical device. As a result of the loss of common purpose and common interests, we have lost the common standards, the way of thinking and the concept of the world. Even the public opinion is a group of "unreal" of the public.
This makes the conflict in the real life constantly, injustice, freedom, the loss of freedom, differentiation and living space is occupied, such as the [11] public order crisis, such as the existence of a serious. In modern society, the interests and value view, survival pattern and concept level fragmentation, fragmentation status, determines the social governance of multiple subjects of interests, values, survival pattern and concept inevitably is not in the division and confrontation, which will inevitably wrong social governance to coordinate multiple governance objectives pose a challenge. And social governance can not be formed as a goal of multiple coordination, the unified public order can not be generated, social governance will be caught in a failure.
(two) the reliability of limiting the cognitive quality of social governance. Karl Mannheim knowledge from the social perspective, analysis of the "at all stages of the development history, people generally display their opponents distrust and doubt may be viewed as ideology directly threatened". In his view, opposing ideological point of view the reason that is opponents as a lie, extent is decided by the ideology of social and historical situation of the internal hard to avoid defects caused by, and may not necessarily be opponents carefully designed lie. He pointed out that "only when we are no longer the view of our opponents as carefully calculated lies, only when we are in his whole was not to be trusted, we began to put his point of view as ideology. We regard this kind of non trust as a result of our opponent's social situation. Therefore, the special conception of ideology between marks to simply lie on one pole, the other end of the phenomenon of fallacies. It refers to the nature of the fallacy of the field of psychology, it is not intentional deception, not intentional, but from a causal determinants of the inevitable and unconscious results." "Only when we have more or less consciously sought to find out the social factors that cause them, we will properly interpret the ideology." [14] Thus, Mannheim, "in the word 'ideology' contains a kind of insight, that under certain conditions, some groups of the collective unconscious both in and of itself, on the other hand obscures the real social status." [15] "the collective unconscious and the actions it has inspired."...... Conceal some aspects of social reality." [16] ideology so attribute and efficiency determines the community multi governance main body already has about social governance ideology attribute of cognition, unavoidably in a certain extent distortions and cover the social governance problems faced by the real situation, thus the reliability of the quality is difficult to guarantee.
(three) the possibility of suppression and even destruction of social governance. Marx pointed out that "every one attempt to replace the old ruling class status of the new class is to achieve their own purposes and had their own interests that is the common interests of all members of society, the abstract is giving their ideas in the form of universality, they are portrayed as the only reasonable and universal significance of the thought." [17] "ideology of the party and the debate and the specific historical stage of value is in fact, manifest attribute for any time and place are indeed so." [18] is bound to make social governance of multiple subjects put its ideology attribute on the social governance of different ideas, trying to inflate and demonstration is generally effective, the only legitimate claims, thus negating the heterogeneous advocated the existence necessity of legitimacy, excluded to heterogeneous advocates open the possibility and significance, is bound to make the social governance of multiple subjects of different governance idea, caught in a mutual confrontation and mutual substitution relationship situation. Multiple subjects on the social governance with the different views of the unable to reach a consistent endless gods "dispute" is bound to make social governance because there is no consistent scheme, and lose the possibility of effective deployment.
(four) the possibility of the innovation of social governance of asphyxia. "Science is the diagnosis and differentiation of culture, and ideology is the defense and the defense of culture." [19] ideology of this conservative defense orientation, making it strive to be unconditional obedience, identification and adaptation, and the prohibition of its reflection and criticism. The result is bound to make social governance of multiple subjects different ideas about public order arrangement, difficult to have open, critical, inclusive, is both difficult to find defects, can hardly provide insights into the optimization improvement possibilities. However, any innovation is realized through the cognition and practice of both cognitive and practical, and it is also in the understanding and practice of new possibilities to explore and reveal in advance. And the discovery of both the defects and the discovery of new possibilities, it is possible to realize the understanding and practice of open, critical and inclusive orientation. Since the different views of the different opinions of the public order arrangement in the social governance of the social governance, it is difficult to be open, critical and inclusive, so it is difficult to realize innovation.
(five) weakening the appropriateness of the choice of the subject of social governance. As mentioned above, ideological appeal has the closed orientation of the group, but it is difficult to have the overall vision. Restricted by the social division of labor, social stratification and different social units between the interests of competition and other factors, people "in the study, with a set of ideology. They affect topic selection and first used the analysis method.[20]
As a result, it is bound to make people choose the topic, the research methods used, with the ideological group of sex parties in the field of vision. Claim on the social governance of multiple subjects of social governance since originally is ideology. Social governance of multiple subjects on the themes of governance choice since it will also be ideology, then decide the the idea of social governance subject, is bound to have a group of parties of local one-sided sexual orientation, and it is difficult to have focus on the internal requirement of the whole social system overall full range open sexual orientation. Since the so and so, multi subject choice of themes of social governance, will inevitably have one-sided standard of narrow defects, so that the choice of the theme of social governance, will inevitably suffer due to lack of challenge.
(six) the effectiveness of this critique of social governance. The scientific nature of knowledge cannot be separated from criticism. But only unbiased criticism can lead to the birth of truth. Social governance is not free from this kind of reflection and criticism. But it is difficult to avoid a depressing conclusion to any study of ideology, that is, all of the ideas of ideology itself is the ideology of ".[21]".
After all, we are as fellow victims rather than a neutral observer to study ideology. Archimedes is not the spectators in the ideology of the scene...... Although we can compare the different worlds, we can not completely jump out of these concepts, and then use some of the external things to determine their comparison or verification." [22]
Since this is so, it means that any criticism of the social governance, may have a certain ideological defect, which is lack of adequate legal protection. This shows that social governance also faced the ideological legitimacy of social governance in the critical challenge of this.
Three, the ideological challenges of social governance to determine the basis of response initiatives
The defects of ideology, which determine the basis of the determination of the ideological challenges of the social governance, can not exist in the ideological limit, but only in the space of the super ideology. And the thing that is qualified to constitute the basis of the ideological space must be the premise and foundation of the ideology, and also the premise and foundation of the social governance. Such a thing, is to make the ideology and social governance possible and necessary, from the latter two must be unified with the things. Because ideology is the social consciousness in the final analysis, it is the prerequisite and foundation of making it possible to make it possible to make it possible to exist in the view of historical materialism. Social governance in the final analysis is the arrangement of social public order activities, so, in essence, is the political superstructure of the level of activities. This has decided to make it possible to the premise and foundation, also is bound to be social existence. Since this is the case, it means that it is the social existence, which constitutes the basis of the determination of the ideological challenges of social governance.
So, what is meant by "social existence"? What are the basic attributes of the "social existence"? What are the specific reasons for this?
(a) the premise, basis, source and basis of social consciousness. Marx pointed out, "people's ideas, ideas and concepts, a word, people's awareness, with the people's living conditions, people's social relations, people's social existence of change and change." [23] "the mode of production of material life restricts the whole social life, political life and spiritual life. Not people's consciousness determines people's existence, on the contrary, people's social existence determines people's consciousness." [24]
The discussion shows that Marx always corresponds to consciousness, concept and spirit to understand and explain the existence of the society. In his view, the so-called social existence is the duality of social consciousness. Leaving social consciousness, there is no social existence. Secondly, social existence is the premise, basis, source and basis of social consciousness, which is the premise, basis, origin and basis of social consciousness. Third, social existence as the premise, basis, source and basis of the social consciousness, is the strength and process of the material practice. Marx pointed out: "from the material practice to explain the formation of ideas." [25]
Therefore, "material practice" constitutes the social consciousness of the premise, basis, and according to the source, which is presented as "social substance practice". Fourth, exists as a "material practice" society, embodied as "material production". Marx pointed out: "from the historical materialism to direct material production of life describes the production process in the real world, with this mode of production related, it generates the communication form of different stages on the basis of understanding the history of civil society, from civil society as a national activity description of the civil society, and from civil society and form all kinds of products of different theories explain consciousness, such as religion, philosophy, ethics and so on, and they produce traceability process".[26] is visible, such as the material of material production practice, which The premise, foundation, origin and basis of the interpretation of the social consciousness, thus the social existence is presented as such material production.
(2) appears as "all history of a basic condition". In Marx's view, "the first historical activity is the production to meet the needs of data, namely, the production of material life itself, and that is that the history, a basic condition of all history, it is to life must be every hour of every day to do it, now and in the thousands of years ago." [27]
That is to say, "a basic condition of all history", "is the foundation of the whole history", is the basic premise and basic condition of the human history. However, social existence as "all history of a basic conditions, except for the presentation of" production of material life "also appears as" the production of the lives of others ", namely" breeding ":" a day in the re production of his life people began production for other people, namely reproduction. " Such [28], "the production of life --- both achieved through labor and a life of its own production, or production is achieved by birth and the lives of others, immediately performance for dual relationship: on the one hand is the relationship of natural, on the other hand is social relations." [29]
Visible, social existence as "all history of a basic condition", in fact, that the present two kinds of "life". And "production of material life" just "achieved through labor and a life of its own production". So we can not take the social misunderstanding is present only for the production and material life. "Life" of the "double: on the one hand is a natural relationship, on the other hand is social relations, is the unity of productive forces, production relations, namely, the production of indirect deposit in the form. And these two relations to become possible, the premise is that there are geographical environment, demographic factors, as well as the implementation and control of such a relationship between the practical action of such a number of basic conditions. In this regard, these basic conditions are presented as the basic form of social existence.
(three) the strength of the rigid constraints of social life. Social existence the above elements as an organic whole and the possibility of social life constitutes a rigid constraints: society cannot live beyond the carrying capacity of the natural environment, social life must be unified in the inherent requirements of the mode of production; mode of production of the contradictory movement must be limited in the natural environment of the bearing limit and life development become possible within the limits; human existence development can not exceed the productivity development of bearing force and the natural environment bearing capacity; the process of social life of the production mode, the natural environment, population, resources and to development requirements, must be limited in the development of human use of resources on the ability to act within the limits. Obviously, the social life of the social existence of the basic elements of the rigid constraints of the situation, directly determine the existence of the possibility of its status.
The attribute of social existence determines the all ideology, and has the attribute of political superstructure of social governance, fundamentally dependent on social existence and generation, and only in unity in society are the inherent requirements of state is able to exist. Because of this, Marx emphasized that: we judge a person is not in his opinion of their own for according to, also, we determine the such a period of transformation is not in its consciousness according to; on the contrary, this awareness must be from the contradiction between material life, from the existing conflict between social productivity and relations of production to explain. " [30]
Since it is so, that it can be judged, inherent requirement of social existence, sufficient reason to judge ideology demands validity on the basis of, there is good reason to form to determine the relationship between the different ideology on the basis of, and also has good reason to respond to social governance ideology challenges the initiatives by the fundamental basis to determine the composition.
Four, the ideological challenge of Social Governance Countermeasures
As aforesaid, governance and social attribute of ideology, the ideology of social governance internal constraints, the social governance is forced to obey the ideology of logic, suffered from the ideology of many challenges, as a result, making social governance in the aforementioned difficulties. The analysis also shows that there is a fundamental requirement for the social existence, and it is the fundamental basis to deal with the challenges of the social governance ideology. Since it is so, that it can be judged, social governance once obeying the social existence fundamental requirements to start and run, exerted by the ideology of the challenge can be effectively resolved. That is to say, obeying the social are fundamental requirements for social governance, appear to resolve the fundamental countermeasures to the challenge of the ideology of social governance.
First, adherence to the social existence fundamental requirements for social governance, it makes social governance develops and operates exists in the society of logic and law. As a result, it makes multiple ideologies of social governance constraints, completely by the society are fundamental requirements of social governance constraints the substitution and replacement, social governance fully expanded and run required by ideology multiple logical possibility will inevitably be excluded. In this way, the challenge to the social governance of the pluralistic ideology will be replaced and replaced by the inherent requirement of the social existence, which is replaced and replaced by the inherent requirement of the social existence.
Secondly, social governance is based on the fundamental requirements of social existence, which does not exclude and deny the role and function of ideology in social governance. That is to say, to society have inherent fundamental requirement as the fundamental basis, without based on the requirements of multi ideology to social governance, substitution, displacement and exclusion of, not ideology itself, but those who and society exist inherent request dislocated phase conflict of ideology. This makes in the social existence of the inherent requirements of social governance as a fundamental basis for the premise under, the social governance can play effective restriction of ideology, only kind of unity in the community are fundamental requirements of ideology. This unity, it makes people's social governance consciousness and social governance, avoid and social existence underlying demand disjointed against the ideological constraints, so that and society exist inherent requirement of phase separation of against the ideology, it is impossible to get involved in people's social governance consciousness and social governance, a possibility of the aforementioned challenges of social governance, will therefore be blocked. And the unified in the society exists the essential requirements of ideology, the constraint of social governance, not only will not on social governance constitute the aforementioned challenges, but can promote the healthy development of social governance in a certain extent. After all, "the state of the economy is the foundation, but struggle to the historical process of influence and in many cases is mainly determines the form of this struggle, and the superstructure of the various factors"; "the premise and condition of the economy is, in the final analysis, decisive. But the premise and condition of politics, even those who linger in people's minds in the traditional also plays an certain role, although not decisive role ".[31]
Again, as mentioned above, social existence as the premise of social consciousness, basis, source and basis of as "all history of a basic condition", as the social life rigid constraint forces determines the IT of all ideological historical validity has a fundamental and decisive role, the decision of the all ideological only in compliance with social presence of the essential requirements to effectively role in social governance.
This means that there is a fundamental requirement for the social existence, and it is a requirement that different ideologies have to obey and satisfy. This shows that there is a fundamental requirement for social existence, and it has the inherent potential, the qualification, the basis and the sufficient reason for the unification and obedience of different ideologies. Since the so and so, based on the inherent requirement of social existence, to integration and specification of diverse ideologies of social governance constraints, it presents to resolve multi ideology of social governance of the aforementioned challenges, that can not be avoided in the fundamental countermeasures.
Finally, social existence fundamental requirements, since it has the different ideological unified kimono from its inner potential, qualification, according to and sufficient reason and the social exist meets the fundamental requirements and different ideology can be established, to be with the legitimacy of the ultimate according to, in addition to this, there is no the different ideologies can be established, to be with the legitimacy of any other fundamental basis. That means to make different ideology meet the social existence of the inherent demand for countermeasures to resolve the social governance of the aforementioned challenges, with objective validity and feasibility.